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string(19) "tags.php3333_5G.txt" [278]=> string(21) "tags.php3333_AWS_.txt" [279]=> string(23) "tags.php3333_Oracle.txt" } 电爆炸法:一种“绿色”的制备纳米粉体的方法_前沿投讯-科技创造价值

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电爆炸法:一种“绿色”的制备纳米粉体的方法

 纳米材料的制备是纳米技术研究的最重要的基础技术,是纳米特性研究、纳米测量技术、纳米应用技术及纳米产业化的必备前提条件,也是纳米材料研究领域研究和关注的重点。


目前根据研究问题的侧重点不同,纳米材料制备方法有多种分类。按学科分类,可将其分为物理方法、化学方法和物理化学方法;按制备技术分类,可分为机械粉碎法、气体蒸发法、溶液法、激光合成法、等离子体合成法、射线辐照合成法、溶胶一凝胶法等;按物质的原始状态分类,又可分为固相法、液相法和气相法。而电爆炸法是90年代中期发展起来的一种制备纳米粉体材料的方法,属于特殊的电阻加热法,是气相法的一种。国际上对电爆炸丝方法已开展了广泛的研究。


电爆炸法制备纳米粉体的基本原理


电爆炸是指在一定的介质(如惰性气体、水等)环境下,强脉冲电流通过导体丝时,导体材料自身的物理状态急剧变化,并迅速把电能转化为其他形式能量(如热能、等离子体辐射能、冲击波能等)的一种物理现象。利用电爆炸进行纳米粉体材料的制备既可以作为一种纯物理的方法(如惰性气体环境下制备纳米粉),也可以作为一种综合制备方法进行开发(通过控制爆炸后高温高压的金属蒸汽与环境介质的化学反应)。



电爆炸电路示意图


电爆炸的基本过程通常可分为五个阶段:金属导体固态加热阶段——金属导体熔化、汽化阶段——爆炸阶段——电弧击穿阶段——冷凝阶段。整体而言,电爆炸法制备纳米粉体材料受前体材料、气氛、储能和放电参数如脉冲放电电压、电流密度、脉宽等因素的影响,同时,电爆炸阶段形成的高温、高压及后续的冷却速度等对粉体粒度的影响也有待量化分析。


电爆炸法制备纳米粉体的优点


(1)能量转换效率高。依靠放电冋路中金属丝的电阻很容易将电能转化为热能;


(2)制备的材料粒度分布更均匀、纯度高。脉冲放电能同时气化整个金属丝,气化效果比脉冲激光和粒子束从金属表面气化得到的更均匀,控制好周围环境介质,可保证纳米粉体的高纯度(金属纳米材料的纯度可达99%);


(3)工艺参数调整方便。通过调节电容量、充电电压及爆炸丝的尺寸等参数,可有效控制粒度大小;

(4)方法的通用性强。用电爆炸方法可以制备各种类型的纳米粉体材料;


(5)不产生有害的物质,不破坏环境,是一种“绿色”的制备纳米粉体的方法。


电爆炸法制备纳米粉体的研究


根据电爆炸制粉技术的原理,用于电爆炸的材料必须是良好的导电材料,所以一般金属、合金、金属间化合物及金属氧化物等材料的纳米粉体都可以用电爆炸的方法来制备。当腔体内充满惰性气体或不会与爆炸丝发生化学反应的气体时,生成金属纳米粉体;也可在准真空下(10-6Torr)在基片上沉积金属薄膜;在含有氧气的环境中,产生金属氧化物纳米粉体以及复合金属氧化物;在氮气或氨气环境中,制得金属氮化物纳米粉体;在含有有机物的混合物中能制备高熔点的金属碳化物。如金属粉体Al、Cu、Fe、Ni、Mg、Ag、Ti,金属化合物Al2O3、Fe2O3、AlN、TiN、AgF、PtF2,纳米合金材料Cu-Zn、Fe-Ni、Ni-Al、Al-Cu等研究均取得一定进展。


另一方面,电爆炸法可制备非金属纳米材料。如使用很细的碳纤维在氮气或氩气中制备碳纳米粉体、碳纳米管和富勒烯;在惰性气体或氢气中,可制备5~10nm的GaAs团簇等。目前研究的电爆炸法制备的非金属材料主要是碳纳米材料。用粉末作为电爆材料,并且可以将碳纳米材料的制备与天然石墨资源开发有机结合,体现出了“绿色、低碳”。


小结


电爆炸法制备纳米粉体材料,因电爆过程参数可调,制备产物纯度高、活性好,发生电爆炸时不产生有害的废气、废物等优势,广泛应用在纳米材料制备。是制备纳米粉体材料最有前途的技术之一。


参考资料:

彭楚才等.电爆炸法制备纳米粉体材料的研究进展

彭楚才.电爆炸法制备纳米粉体及其机理研究

李志勇.粉末电爆制备碳纳米材料方法研究

毛志国.电爆炸金属丝制备纳米粉体的研究

陈宾.金属纳米粉制备工艺及设备研究


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